i have a small world

Chapter 1298 Crystal Pendant

The wedding gift such as the wall calendar is a kind of wedding gift developed with the development of modern society. However, for the Chinese, the most representative wedding gift is the wedding candy and cake gift box. This tradition has been passed down in China. For thousands of years.

The wedding cake gift box in the wedding return gift is different from the wedding cake gift box in ordinary times. It is usually larger in size and has a luxurious packaging, which can be reused.

For example, it can be used as a container for holding small objects, or as an outer packaging for wrapping gifts.Such gift boxes will contain more high-end candies and wedding cakes.

This kind of gift box can be used as a game prize, or as a gift for important guests. Some guests may not be able to attend the wedding and fail to drink the wedding wine, so they will send a package of wedding candy and wedding cakes to share the happiness and joy of the newlyweds with them .

Zhao Chaogang, Li Liping, and Liu Jingjing prepared the high-end wedding candies and wedding cakes in the gift box prepared by Zhao Chaogang himself. The wedding candy cakes made by himself are more sincere, and to be honest, Zhao Chaogang made them himself The deliciousness of the prepared wedding cakes is higher than that of the most high-end wedding cakes bought outside.Now in order to earn enough profits, those merchants are afraid to do anything.Even baby formula is made with toxic chemicals like melamine.There is nothing that those unscrupulous merchants can't do.

The wedding candy cake gift box prepared by Zhao Chaogang contains not only delicious wedding candy cakes, but also according to the distance between the two parties.Some different types, or different numbers of pills were prepared.

Like those who are just business partners in Jingjing’s family, Zhao Chaogang’s wedding candy and wedding cake gift box contains only a small bottle of the most elementary Xiaohuandan, and there are not many in it, only eight pieces.

And if the relationship is closer, like Zhao Chaogang.Li Liping, Liu Jingjing's friends or classmates in Anxi City.Although the number and types of elixirs in the gift box have not changed much, the elixirs inside have changed, and the elixirs inside are low-grade Xiao Huan Dan.Zhao Chaogang's relatives, Shi Zhengming, Sheng Zheng, and Zheng Qiushi's official friends also received the same number of pills and pills.

It's not that Zhao Chaogang was stingy and refused to give his relatives better and more pills.Zhao Chaogang did not give better and more pills to his relatives.The main reason is for the safety of these relatives.

You know, many of Zhao Chaogang's relatives are ordinary people. If people find out, they have a lot of high-level pills in their hands. This will not help them, but harm them.

People with too much greed will not fear life and death, come to steal, or take away these elixir.At that time, Zhao Chaogang was beyond his reach, and Zhao Chaogang's ordinary relatives encountered these dangers, and the outcome would definitely not be good.

Therefore, the type and number of pills that Zhao Chaogang gave to his relatives are actually very ordinary. If it is just such a number and type of pills, coupled with his own careful instructions, I believe that these relatives of his will not have any troubles door to door.

For these relatives of his own, Zhao Chaogang didn't want to do bad things with good intentions.

The wedding cake gift box is a traditional wedding gift box that we Chinese have passed down for thousands of years. Therefore, Zhao Chaogang prepared very well. However, there is another gift in Zhao Chaogang's wedding gift box, which is made by Zhao Chaogang. A crystal pendant in the shape of the zodiac signs.

Crystal, a rare mineral, a kind of gemstone, quartz crystal, belongs to the quartz group in mineralogy, the main chemical composition is silicon dioxide, the chemical formula is sio2, when it is pure, it forms a colorless and transparent crystal, when it contains trace elements al, fe, etc. When it is purple, yellow, brown, etc., different types of color centers are formed by irradiating trace elements to produce different colors, such as purple, yellow, brown, pink, etc.

Minerals containing accompanying inclusions are called inclusion crystals, such as hair crystals, green ghosts, etc., and the inner inclusions are rutile, tourmaline, actinolite, mica, chlorite, etc.

Crystal is a quartz crystal mineral, its main chemical composition is silicon dioxide, and its chemical formula is sio2.Western countries believe that as long as it is transparent, it is crystal, so the word crystal includes colorless and transparent glass, as well as natural crystal ore.

The ancient crystal names in China are more than ten kinds of names such as water essence, water jade, water jade, and crystal stone.

Therefore, in order to facilitate the distinction, it usually refers to natural crystals in the world.

Well-developed single crystals are hexagonal cones, so they are usually massive or granular aggregates, generally colorless, gray, milky white, and purple, red, smoke, tea, etc. when they contain other mineral elements.

When the silicon dioxide crystallizes perfectly, it is crystal; if the crystallization is not perfect, it is quartz: after silica gelation and dehydration, it is agate; when the silica hydrocolloid is solidified, it becomes opal; Chalcedony, chert, secondary quartzite.

Mineral composition: goethite, hematite, rutile, magnetite, tourmaline, garnet, mica, chlorite, etc. form inclusion crystals, such as hair crystals, titanium crystals, green ghosts, etc., hair crystals Inclusions containing hair-like needle-like minerals visible to the naked eye are formed.

Those containing manganese and iron are called amethyst; those containing iron are called citrine; those containing manganese and titanium are called rose quartz, that is, pink quartz; crystal.

Structural form: The perfect crystal crystal belongs to the trigonal crystal system.Often in the form of hexagonal columnar crystals, with horizontal stripes on the cylinder surface.The cylinder is pointed at one end or at both ends, and many long cylinders are connected together, commonly known as crystal clusters, which are beautiful and spectacular, and can be described as various shapes.

Optical properties: Color: The color of crystal can be colorless, purple, yellow, pink, green, blue and brown to black in varying degrees.

Gloss and transparency: glass luster, fracture can have grease luster.Transparent, as the content increases or the color of colored crystals deepens.Reduced transparency.

Optics: The uniaxial crystal is photopositive, and the interference pattern of the uniaxial crystal seen under crossed polarized light is unique, and its black cross arm does not reach the center.A hollow pattern is formed, commonly known as a bull's-eye interferogram.The center part is usually pale green or pale pink.

Refractive index and birefringence: refractive index 1.544-1.553, birefringence 0.009.Dispersion 0.013.

Pleochroism: Colorless crystals do not have pleochroism.Colored crystals have weak to strong pleochroism. It is manifested in different shades of body color.

Mechanical properties: Cleavage: No cleavage, typical conchoidal fracture.The so-called cleavage refers to the property that when minerals are struck, they are regularly split in a certain direction to form a smooth plane.

According to the degree of cleavage, it can be divided into five categories: extremely complete cleavage, complete cleavage, moderate cleavage, incomplete cleavage and no cleavage.Crystals are free of cleavage.

Hardness: Mohs hardness 7.It is Mohs hardness, which is as hard as a steel file.

Density: 2.66g/cm3.This means that the weight of a certain volume of crystal is 2.56-2.66 times the weight of the same volume of water, and the density of block variant crystals may be slightly higher.

Piezoelectricity: When the crystal crystal is under pressure, it will generate electric charges. Conversely, when it is subjected to voltage, the crystal will vibrate at a high frequency.Crystal has the property of transferring pressure and charge to each other, which is called piezoelectricity.

Sleeping strip color: colorless, the color of mineral powder is called streaks, it can eliminate false colors and weaken other colors.Preservation of self-color is one of the more reliable identification characteristics than mineral color.

Transparency Criterion: The transparency of a crystal is related to the quality and quantity of light passing through it.When light passes through crystal fragments or flakes with a thickness of more than 1 cm, the reflected image can be clearly seen.If the bottom image is not clear enough and only outlines are seen, it is translucent.

Crystal luster: glass luster, oily luster at the fracture.

Luster refers to an optical property of a gemstone's surface reflecting light.The crystal neither reflects the gorgeous star-shaped stripes like star sapphires and star gems, nor does it emit light blue wave-like brilliance like moonstones, nor does it shimmer with colorful colors like opals.

To observe the luster of the crystal, you can hold it with your hand and look at the surface reflection with the light from the light or the window. The brightness of the transparent crystal is related to the strength of the luster.

Most of the crystals are underground and in caves, and they need a rich source of groundwater. The groundwater contains mostly saturated silicon dioxide. At the same time, the pressure in it needs to be about two to three times that of atmospheric pressure, and the temperature needs to be around Between 550-600c, given appropriate time, the crystal will crystallize into a hexagonal columnar crystal according to the natural law of the "trigonal crystal system".

Usually, in an ideal environment controlled by humans, that is, when the physical and chemical conditions meet the above conditions, the growth rate of crystals is about 0.8 mm per day.This is also the standard production speed of many artificial crystal laboratories and factories.

The crystals thus cultivated are so-called "man-made crystals", which are usually cut into chips for use in electronics, computers, and communications industries; some people also call them "cultured crystals". Although they use different terms, they actually refer to the same thing.

Generally, the thickness of artificial crystals for industrial use is about three centimeters, that is, 30mm, and it takes about 40 days to grow; if it is to be used in the jewelry industry to grind into a crystal ball of more than ten centimeters, it usually takes about 120 to 180 centimeters. [-] days is enough.

However, this is all in the most ideal environment under human control.It is only possible to have such a speed. In nature, the situation is not so optimistic.Because the conditions of raw materials, water quality, temperature, pressure, etc. are constantly changing, it is difficult to achieve the ideal situation, and it usually takes tens of thousands of times, or millions of times, to achieve the same growth.

This is why the "geological age" is based on "millions of years" as the calculation base, and it is also the reason why "natural crystals" are precious.

When normal crystals grow, growth lines parallel to the columnar tip can be found.Due to the narrow growth space in the ground and caves, especially when encountering earthquakes.Or when the earth's crust changes, it is even easy to be squeezed by other ores, which often produce different "crystal planes".

besides.When the crystal is still in a liquid state, it is often coated with other ores and marls to crystallize and grow together, such as rutile, volcanic marl and so on.All of these are "parts of nature".Please do not consider it a "defect".

The evaluation criteria for crystals are different from those for high-end gemstones.Most high-end gemstones put color first in the evaluation.With crystal, however, color and clarity are nearly equally important factors:…

Color: Color is very important to any gemstone, and crystals are no exception.If the crystal crystal is colored, such as pink crystal, citrine, amethyst, etc., the highest standard for its color evaluation is bright and moving, without gray, black, brown and other tones.

Such as pink crystal, the color is preferably pink; amethyst.The required color is bright purple, pure and not black; citrine.The required color does not contain green and lemon tones, preferably kumquat.

For hair crystals, the color of the crystal is also very important.For blond hair crystals with the same hair strands, the crystals are completely colorless and the crystals are slightly brown. The visual perception of the naked eye is also different, so the price of the former will be higher than the latter.

Clarity: Crystals have very different clarity requirements than high-end gemstones.High-end gemstones are rare, so people generally don't demand too much on the clarity of high-end gemstones.However, the output of crystals is astonishingly large, so people generally require the crystal clarity to be as high as possible, and try to avoid crystals with obvious inclusions.

Impurities: If there are legendary figures in the impurities in the crystal, such as Buddha, constellations, zodiac signs, etc., the value may be higher than that of crystals of the same color and clarity.

The country has not yet provided a specific standard for the classification of natural crystals. There are many types of crystals, and each type has its own different evaluation standards.

Crystal identification: touch the crystal with your hands, the natural crystal is usually much cooler than the man-made crystal; observe with the eyes, the natural crystal usually has cotton-like inclusions, which are not found in man-made crystals.

For monochromatic crystals like amethyst topaz, it is usually necessary to observe its dichroism. Even the top amethyst topaz has color difference. This method can be used to identify whether it is adding color.These are the simplest methods, simple and easy to understand.

Crystals are divided into grades of fineness and color, and there are many factors that affect the price of crystals. Unlike diamonds, which can be judged by 4c, you have to listen, see, and compare to really distinguish them.

The general standard is that the larger the crystal stone, the better, the more transparent the better, the more delicate the color, the better, and the more typical the shape, the better.But the most important thing is that you like it, and there are roughly the following methods to identify the authenticity when purchasing:

1. Seeing at first glance: During the formation process of natural crystals, they are often affected by the environment and always contain some impurities. When observing the sun, you can see faint uniform and fine horizontal stripes or catkin-like substances.False crystals are mostly smelted with defective crystal slag and glass slag, polished and colored to imitate them, without uniform stripes and catkin-like substances.

2. Tongue licking: Even in the hot summer days, licking the surface of natural crystal with your tongue will feel cold and cool.Fake crystals have no cool feeling.

3 Lighting: The natural crystal is placed vertically under the sunlight, no matter from which angle it is viewed, it can emit beautiful brilliance.Fake crystals cannot.

4. Hardness: The natural crystal has high hardness, and it will not leave traces if scratched gently on the jewelry with gravel; if there are streaks, it is a fake crystal.

5 Check with a polarizer: Turn 360 degrees under a polarizer, and the four bright and four dark changes are natural crystals, and the unchanged crystals are fake crystals.

6. Check with two colors: natural amethyst has dichroism, and fake crystal has no dichroism.

7. Check with a magnifying glass: use a [-]x magnifying glass to check under transmitted light. If you can find bubbles, it can basically be regarded as a fake crystal.

8 Check with hair strands: only for round crystal balls.Put the crystal ball on a strand of hair, and the human eye can see the double shadow of the strand of hair through the crystal, then it is a crystal ball.Mainly because crystals are birefringent.But this cannot distinguish natural crystals, grown crystals and smelted crystals.Only other substances such as glass can be distinguished.

9 Test with a thermal conductivity meter: adjust the thermal conductivity meter to green 4 grids to test gemstones. Natural crystals can rise to 2 yellow grids, while fake crystals do not rise. When the area is large, they rise to [-] yellow grid.

Crystal culture has a long history, and the ancients gave it a series of elegant names with great beauty: Shuiyu, Shuijing, Shuibi, etc.

Shuiyu, the oldest name in China, is called Shuiyu, which means jade like water, and it is also said to be "melted by thousands of years of ice".Wen Tingyun, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in "Title of Li Chushi's Secluded Residence": "Water jade hairpin head white horn scarf, Yaoqin silence and light dust".

The word "water jade" was first frequently used in "Shan Hai Jing": "Three hundred miles to the east, the mountain of Ritangting... has a lot of water jade"; Out of Yan, Beiliu flows into Wei, and there are many water jade in it."

Sima Xiangru's "Shanglin Fu" said: "Water Yulei River".The crystal is named Shuiyu, and the ancients valued the texture of "it is as clear as water and as firm as jade".

In the "Shan Hai Jing", crystal is also called Shui Bi: "Three hundred miles to the south, there is Rigeng Mountain, no vegetation, more water and green", Guo Pu notes: "also water jade".

This title is often quoted by literati. Guo Jingchun of the Jin Dynasty said in "Pujiang Fu": "Ghosts, waters and green dives."Crystal is also called Yuying. "Furuitu" contains "The beautiful stone is like jade, and the water essence is also called Yuying."

Water Essence: Why is crystal called water essence? "Guang Ya" has a clever explanation: "the spirit of water"; Li Shizhen said: "clean and crystal light, like the elite of water".

After careful study, this name also contains a strong religious meaning!The name Shui Jing was first seen in Buddhist books. The "Sutra of Brightness and Determination" translated by Zhiyao in the later Han Dynasty said: "The way he walks is like a water essence.".

quartz. "Guang Ya" said that crystal is called quartz, and those whose color is as white as Ying are also called white.It is a special-shaped character attached to it.Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" has the sentence "Opiment yellow and white".Su Lin explained: "White, also white quartz".

Other description: It is said in "Synonyms of Common Things": "The essence of water comes from the Great Qin State, and it is named Li Nan.".

The complete crystal crystals are like jagged horse teeth, so people call it horse tooth stone.The ancestors first used it to grind into spectacle lenses, so they gave it the nickname of spectacle stone.

Crystal has a general name and a common name.In Guangzhou, the crystal is called Jingyu, also known as fish brain jelly; the mountain people in Donghai County, Jiangsu found that the crystal can "flash flames", so they gave it the common name of shining stone.

It is not surprising that there are many names for one thing in the world, but it is rare for crystals to have so many nicknames.Look, from Shuiyu, Shuibi, Baiyu, Yuying, Shuijingquartz, Linan, Jingyu to Buddha stone, horse tooth stone, spectacle stone, shining stone, millennium ice, alpine jelly, fish brain jelly, etc. History of Kistler Appreciation.

Yuying and Shuiyu are other names for crystal in the early days.Legend has it that in ancient times, Chisongzi was served to teach Shennong and jumped into the fire to burn himself as a fairy crystal, a clear body, and a peerless elf.

It contains the spirit of beauty between the heaven and the earth, flows the vigorous charm of the universe, and embodies the cultural plot of the ancient civilization.Exquisite stones can sing, and singing stones can inspire poets and poets to sing crystals to their heart's content.

Stones and crystals have become an endlessly sung object in Chu Sao, Han Fu, Tang Poems, Song Ci, and Yuan Qu, which have inspired many immortal poems in the history of Chinese literature.

"Shan Hai Jing" and "Shu Yi Ji" deified the crystal; "Han Feizi" and "Tai Zhen Gaiden" deified the crystal.

According to rough statistics, as far as culture is concerned, there are 300 poems related to crystal in history, including nearly [-] Tang poems, over [-] Song poems, and more than [-] poems from Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to modern times.

Like Qu Yuan, Sima Xiangru, Li Bai, Du Fu, Wei Yingwu, Wang Jian, and Luo Weili went to Kunlun Mountains, and even the youngest daughter of Emperor Yan Shennong followed him by following him.